|
''Suillellus luridus'' (formerly ''Boletus luridus''), commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in deciduous woodlands on chalky soils in Asia, Europe, and eastern North America. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be abundant. It is a solid bolete with an olive-brown cap up to in diameter, with small red pores on the underside. The stout ochre stem reaches high and wide, and is patterned with a red mesh-work. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut. Though edible when cooked, it can cause gastric upset when eaten raw and can be confused with the poisonous ''Boletus satanas'', though the latter species has a pale cap; as a result, some guidebooks recommend avoiding consumption altogether. When consumed with alcohol, ''Suillellus luridus'' has been implicated in causing adverse reactions similar to those caused by the compound coprine, though laboratory testing has not revealed any evidence of coprine in the mushroom. First described in 1774, the species has been transferred to various Boletaceae genera in its taxonomic history, although it retained the original name given to it by German botanist Jacob Christian Schaeffer until a transfer to genus ''Suillellus'' in 2014. Several varieties, a subspecies, and a form have been described by European mycologists. ''Suillellus luridus'' is mycorrhizal, forming a symbiotic association with deciduous trees such as oak, birch and beech, and has been found to have a growth-enhancing effect on conifers in experiments. The fruit bodies are highly attractive to, and often infested by, insects, and several species of fly have been recorded feeding on them. Chemical analyses have revealed some aspects of the mushroom's components, including its volatile flavour compounds, its fatty acid and amino acid compositions, and the identities of the carotenoid compounds responsible for its colour. ==Taxonomy== ''Boletus luridus'' was described by German botanist Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate, ''Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones.''〔 The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ''luridus'', 'sallow'.〔 French botanist Pierre Bulliard's 1791 ''Boletus rubeolarius''〔 is a heterotypic synonym (based on a different type).〔 The following year, Johann Friedrich Gmelin called it ''Boletus subvescus'',〔 from the Latin words ''sub'' "nearly" or "under",〔 and ''vescus'' "edible".〔 However, this is a ''nomen nudum''.〔 Several taxonomical synonyms arose when the species was transferred to different genera within the family Boletaceae by different authorities, including ''Leccinum'' by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821,〔 ''Tubiporus'' by Petter Karsten in 1881,〔 ''Dictyopus'' by Lucien Quélet in 1888,〔 and ''Suillellus'' by William Murrill in 1909.〔〔 The variety ''Boletus luridus'' var. ''erythropus'', published as "beta" by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 ''Systema Mycologicum'',〔 is synonymous with ''Boletus erythropus''.〔 ''Boletus luridus'' var. ''rubriceps'' was originally described from Spain (as a species of ''Tubiporus'') by René Maire in 1937,〔 and later formally transferred to ''Boletus'' by Aurel Dermek in 1987.〔 Other varieties of ''B. luridus'' include Roman Schulz's var. ''obscurus'' and var. ''rubromaculatus'' published in 1924;〔 Josef Velenovský's 1939 var. ''tenuipes'', found in the Czech Republic;〔 and Jean Blum's 1969 var. ''lupiniformis'' and var. ''queletiformis'', originally described from France and Spain, respectively.〔 ''Boletus erythrentheron'', originally described as a distinct species by Jan Bezděk, was later published as the variety ''B. luridus'' var. ''erythrentheron'' by Albert Pilát and Dermek in 1979,〔 and finally as a subspecies by Jiri Hlavácek in 1995.〔 Carmine Lavorato and Giampaolo Simonini defined the form ''primulicolor'' from Sardinia in 1997.〔 Rolf Singer's 1947 variety ''caucasicus'' is currently considered an independent species, ''Boletus caucasicus'' Singer ex. Alessio.〔 Similarly, ''B. luridus'' f. ''sinensis'', found in Hainan Province, China, was later elevated to distinct species status as ''B. sinensis''.〔 ''Boletus luridus'' is the type species of ''Boletus'' section ''Luridi'', originally circumscribed by Fries in 1838.〔 This section includes species producing medium to large fruit bodies with thick, swollen stems, and minute pores that are coloured red, orange, or brown.〔 However, the genus as a whole is strongly paraphyletic and will probably be fragmented once further studies have resolved relationships to a finer detail. Manfred Binder and David Hibbett showed ''B. luridus'' to be most closely related to a group containing ''B. torosus'' and ''B. luteocupreus'', with ''B. vermiculosus'' and ''Pulveroboletus ravenelii'' as more distant relatives, based on molecular phylogenetics inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.〔 In a separate molecular study of ten frequently eaten European boletes, ''B. luridus'' clustered together with ''B. rhodoxanthus''.〔 Genetic analysis published in 2013 shows that ''B. luridus'' and many (but not all) red-pored boletes are part of a ''dupainii'' clade (named for ''Boletus dupainii''), well-removed from the core group of ''Boletus edulis'' and relatives within the Boletineae.〔 For this reason, it is now considered a species of ''Suillellus''.〔 The English common name is lurid bolete.〔 Both it and ''Boletus satanas'' are known as ''ayimantari'', "bear mushroom", in Eastern Turkey.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Suillellus luridus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|